Direct Synthesis of Ceramic Membranes by Sol-Gel Process

Ceramic ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes (TiO₂) are prepared by sol-gel route using a special arrangement which allows the reaction of the reactants directly in the pores of a tubular Al₂O₃ support or on its surface, respectively. By this direct synthesis the number of technological steps can be reduced which is the main advantage of the method. The produced layers are well joined with the Al₂O₃ support and the reaction can be adjusted by various technological parameters. The dried and sintered coatings are characterized by X-Ray diffraction, FESEM and AFM. In addition, pore size distribution and filtration properties are investigated and discussed.     

The Development of Comprehension of Chance Language: Evaluation and Interpretation

Comprehension of chance language, such as is found in newspapers, is a fundamental aspect of statistical literacy. In this study, students' understandings of chance language were explored through responses to two items in surveys administered to 2,726 students from grades 5 to 11. One item involved evaluating the chance expressed in phrases from newspaper headlines using a number line, and responses were described in four levels of chance language evaluation. The other item involved interpreting, in context, an expression of percent chance, and responses were described in four levels of chance language interpretation. Students in higher grades were more likely to demonstrate higher levels of both evaluation and interpretation. The association between levels of evaluation and interpretation was further explored generally and in relation to one of the headlines involving percent. Implications for mathematics educators in relation to chance language in the curriculum across the years of schooling are discussed.     

Über das 2, 4, 6-Trichlor-3-Bromphenol und das 2-Chlor-4, 6-Dibromphenol

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Some reactions of ferrocyanides and ferricyanides

I. The ferrocyanides of Copper. Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt are more difficultly soluble than the corresponding ferricyanides. II. The ferricyanides of Cu, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn react with sodium oxalate or potassium oxalate forming alkali double oxalates of these metals and alkali ferricyanide. III. The ferricyanides of Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn react with ammonium oxalate forming the ammonium double oxalates of these metals and ammonium ferricyanide. IV. However cobalt ferricyanide is very difficultly soluble in ammonium oxalate.     

Reaction of thiocyanates with ironcyanogen compounds of silver

Silver fenocyanide as well as Silver ferricyanide are converted into silver thiocyanate by treating with thiocyanate ions, while feirocyanide ions or ferricyanide ions are formed at the same time. Silver ferrocyanide as well as silver ferricyanide are dissolved by solutions of thiocynates of higher concentrations.     

The detection of cobalt by the microcosmic salt bead

I. The fact, that the blue violet colour of the microcosimic salt bead of cobalt is changed into blue by addition of Na₂CO₃ K₂CO₃, K₂CO₃ NA₂HPO₄ or NA₃PO₄is explained by the formation of pyrophosphate in the melt. II. K₂Na₂P₂O₇ if melted together with CoCl₂ forms blue porcelaneous masses, completely soluble in water.     

Einwirkung von Oxalaten auf die blauen Eisenzyanverbindungen

Ohne ZusammenfassungFrühere Mitteilungen: Z. anorg. allg. Chem.49 (1906) 443; Mh. Chem.43 (1922) 373, bzw. S.-B. Akad. Wiss. Wien (II b)131 (1922) 373; Mh. Chem.44 (1923) 97, bzw. S.-B. Akad. Wiss. Wien (IIb)132 (1923) 97; Z. anorg. allg. Chem.197 (1931) 287,197 (1931), 289.     

Electrochemiluminescence Bioassays with a Water‐Soluble Luminol Derivative Can Outperform Fluorescence Assays

The most efficient and commonly used electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters are luminol, [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺, and derivatives thereof. Luminol stands out due to its low excitation potential, but applications are limited by its insolubility under physiological conditions. The water‐soluble m‐carboxy luminol was synthesized in 15 % yield and exhibited high solubility under physiological conditions and afforded a four‐fold ECL signal increase (vs. luminol). Entrapment in DNA‐tagged liposomes enabled a DNA assay with a detection limit of 3.2 pmol L^?1, which is 150 times lower than the corresponding fluorescence approach. This remarkable sensitivity gain and the low excitation potential establish m‐carboxy luminol as a superior ECL probe with direct relevance to chemiluminescence and enzymatic bioanalytical approaches.     

Increasing the Chemical‐Shift Dispersion of Unstructured Proteins with a Covalent Lanthanide Shift Reagent

The study of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) by NMR often suffers from highly overlapped resonances that prevent unambiguous chemical‐shift assignments, and data analysis that relies on well‐separated resonances. We present a covalent paramagnetic lanthanide‐binding tag (LBT) for increasing the chemical‐shift dispersion and facilitating the chemical‐shift assignment of challenging, repeat‐containing IDPs. Linkage of the DOTA‐based LBT to a cysteine residue induces pseudo‐contact shifts (PCS) for resonances more than 20 residues from the spin‐labeling site. This leads to increased chemical‐shift dispersion and decreased signal overlap, thereby greatly facilitating chemical‐shift assignment. This approach is applicable to IDPs of varying sizes and complexity, and is particularly helpful for repeat‐containing IDPs and low‐complexity regions. This results in improved efficiency for IDP analysis and binding studies.